This result follows from the exponential statistics of the frequency of the less-fit alleles, f, that we predict to evolve, in the long term, for both polymorphic and monomorphic sites. ![]() We demonstrate analytically and by simulation that, regardless of the inherent distribution of mutation fitness effect across genomic sites, an exponential distribution of fitness effects emerges in the long term. The multiple-mutation regime of adaptation at large population sizes (traveling wave regime) is considered. ![]() To explain this effect, we use a population model including mutation, directional selection, linkage, and genetic drift. An intriguing fact long defying explanation is the observation of a universal exponential distribution of beneficial mutations in fitness effect for different microorganisms.
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